聽is an Assistant Professor of Political Science & Canada Research Chair,聽听补苍诲听, Assistant Professor of Political Science,聽.
In June 2022, United States Attorney General Merrick Garland to call for the prosecution of Russian war crimes.
鈥淭he United States is sending an unmistakable message鈥� to those who have committed atrocities, he said. 鈥淭here is no place to hide.鈥�
There鈥檚 only one problem: American hands are tied when it comes to the international prosecution of war crimes. That鈥檚 because it opted out of the International Criminal Court (ICC) due to objections over the that allows it, , to pursue people outside their own state borders.
. Ukraine isn鈥檛 a member; it signed but didn鈥檛 ratify the court鈥檚 statute.
That means it will fall to like to investigate and prosecute Russian war crimes in Ukraine.
Institutionalizing war crimes
Around the First World War, the great powers began codifying the laws of war in .
Building on centuries of law, these agreements specified when countries could go to war and under what conditions, spelled out the treatment of both combatants and non-combatants and limited the use of weapons and other practices during warfare.
These fledgling agreements did little to prevent the outbreak of another global conflict, but they did provide the foundation for the world鈥檚 first international tribunals in Tokyo and Nuremberg following the Second World War.
That marked a decisive moment for international law, representing the first time national leaders were held accountable for war crimes on the world stage.
Under American stewardship, the immediate post-Second World War period witnessed a massive expansion of international law.
New treaties were drafted and . New organizations like the were born.
A liberal rules-based international order began to emerge, setting fundamental limits on state sovereignty 鈥� particularly in the conduct of war, and even within national boundaries.
But this progress halted with the start of .
Few leaders were held accountable for their crimes as superpowers shielded them from prosecution.
UN creates the ICC
Following the Soviet collapse, and the emergence of the U.S. as the sole remaining global superpower, the UN Security Council organized to address genocide, war crimes and other atrocities committed during conflict.
These tribunals were situational, focused on conflicts in Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. The UN then used its renewed power to formalize them in the Rome Statute, .
This was made possible by a legal innovation: the creation of a permanent international tribunal that would enable signatories to bring war criminals to justice.
Even third parties, with no apparent interest, could investigate and refer war criminals to the international body under certain circumstances.
But in a dramatic about-face, the George W. Bush administration from the ICC, fearing the court its so-called war on terror.
Nevertheless, the ICC came into existence in 2002, and the court began issuing arrest warrants and prosecuting war criminals.
Without the U.S., however, its activities remained restricted. For the next decade, prosecutions were limited to the African continent, leading to allegations of .
There are still questions about whether the ICC can hold war criminals to account more broadly 鈥� and they鈥檝e only intensified during the war in Ukraine.
Canada鈥檚 role
In March 2022, 39 countries, including Canada, . At the same time, the RCMP into alleged war crimes committed by Russia in Ukraine.
This is the first in Canada鈥檚 history, and one of the first globally.
The ICC has laid charges against Russian President , accusing him of human rights abuses in Ukraine.
These developments mark a major change in Canada鈥檚 appetite for investigating war crimes. Before joining the ICC, Canada had a checkered history of holding war criminals accountable, even when they arrived on its shores. Canada was accused, for example, of providing and collaborators.
Canada鈥檚 probe into alleged ongoing war crimes in Ukraine suggests it now has the to investigate these atrocities even when they happen outside of its borders.
Given Canada鈥檚 , the country鈥檚 leadership on this front is appropriate.
Efforts to hold Russia accountable have also engaged a keen and highly activist group: Ukrainian Canadians.
As they and lobby the government, Ukrainian Canadians have helped collect war crimes testimonials that could one day be used to prosecute Russia.
Newly arriving Ukrainians to Canada asking them to report their recollections to the RCMP while their memories are still fresh.
Nonetheless, despite the unprecedented steps Canada and other states are taking to put Russia on notice, it鈥檚 doubtful they鈥檒l ultimately result in any concrete forms of Russian accountability.
Creating a historical record
Although some of these measures have apparently made top when travelling internationally, it鈥檚 highly unlikely alleged Russian war criminals will end up before Canadian courts.
Globally, the . Russia remains a nuclear power and UN Security Council member, further underscoring the improbability of future prosecutions.
However, the RCMP investigation is important. It signals a new path for Canada that prioritizes international law and corrects for past policy failures that saw the country provide safe harbour to war criminals.
For Ukrainian-Canadians, the investigation validates their experiences. Canada is helping create a historical record. The investigation will form one of the pre-eminent repositories of testimonials from recently arrived refugees.
Canada has taken on the sacred duty of creating and safeguarding a dark moment in Ukrainian history 鈥� and this matters to the victims of Russia鈥檚 war.
As Alexandra Chyczij, president of the Ukrainian Canadian Congress, told us in an interview:
鈥淲hat is important today is that the massive evidence of the myriad, systemic Russian crimes against humanity, war crimes and terrorism 鈥� committed under the direction of the Russian political leadership 鈥� be documented, collected and preserved.鈥�
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