About the authors: Sylvain Charlebois is Director, Agri-Food Analytics Lab and Professor in Food Distribution and Policy at 黑料吃瓜网. Poppy Nicolette Riddle is a Research Associate at 黑料吃瓜网.
Tipping is a cultural practice strongly supported in Canada, with most patrons feeling good about their experiences. However, gratuities can have hidden consequences for those working in food service.
With staff recruitment a problem as the easing of pandemic guidelines are allowing restaurants to re-open, our research suggests it may be time for the industry to think seriously about how to manage tipping differently. And incorporating tips as part of the price of a meal should be an option.
Our released a few weeks ago on the future of tipping was a pulse check of patrons鈥� perceptions of food service tipping and their anticipated behavioural changes as we exit the pandemic.
While our survey plainly asks how people are feeling about tipping during the pandemic, prior research provides evidence of how tipping contributes to detrimental working conditions for restaurant staff.
Some are suggesting that the sector needs a . The COVID-19 pandemic has severely disrupted Canada鈥檚 food service industry. With restrictions, limited hours, take-out or delivery-only options, revenues have dropped significantly. Many businesses have taken on substantial loans in order to stay afloat.
In a May report by , 10,000 food service businesses have permanently closed. As vaccination counts increase and provinces begin to relax restrictions, resuming our previously normal behaviours may in fact become a problem.
A pro-social behaviour
Our report investigated tipping as a pro-social behaviour, in which giving money results in positive feelings.
Though 71 per cent surveyed did not anticipate changing their tipping habits, 20 per cent are planning on tipping more and are happy to do so. Additionally, 60 per cent of respondents contribute the same tip percentages in all restaurants, but 40 per cent tip more in their favourite restaurant.
In the short term, this is good news for servers in restaurants. Patrons may have the financial security to tip more as personal savings rates have increased dramatically over the pandemic, according to . But this may not last.
Beyond the customers鈥� ability to tip, tipping also has a to it.
Cultural expectation
There is evidence that tipping is a strong cultural expectation in Canada, to which patrons willingly conform 鈥� and some are even motivated to exceed expectations.
However, there are issues that are not evident when patrons are paying the bill. Tipping has been documented to in income instability, high employee turnover rates, discrimination 鈥� and even sexual harassment.
Food service typically deals with a 70 per cent turnover rate, which has likely increased due to the pandemic. Tip-dependent incomes have not recovered to pre-pandemic levels. About 80,000 workers are still technically employed, but have no hours according to .
Studies from tipping behaviour researchers have shown that there are not only and gender prejudices about tipping amounts, but tipping creates a power dynamic in how patrons and servers treat each other and perceptions of service quality.
A publication cites 90 per cent of women and 70 per cent of men report experiences of sexual harassment as food service workers, with most going unreported to managers due to the culture of 鈥渢he customer is always right鈥� or it鈥檚 just 鈥減art of the job.鈥�
Additionally, the food service sector is behind all others in terms of recovery. As of May, Statistics Canada revealed there are still over to fill in the sector. This means a new, inexperienced population are likely to fill food service jobs, unaware of the challenges facing them.
As patrons, we are largely unaware of the negative consequences, and tipping remains a pleasurable experience.
Feeling the 鈥榳arm glow鈥�
Termed a 鈥渨arm glow鈥� by researchers of the University of British Columbia, of Simon Fraser University and of Harvard Business School, the effect we feel from tipping fulfils a basic human need of feeling in control, seeing the immediate effect of your decisions, and feeling a social connection through the exchange.
Respondents prefer to follow their own tipping formula, though some do not like included tips or service charges. Most surveyed feel like their tips make a difference and that tipping makes the job worthwhile or contributes to motivation. Tipping yields positive feelings that justify current and future behaviour for the patron.
Even so, more than one third of those surveyed indicate they do not support tipping in food service and would like to see it prohibited or regulated.
Restaurants Canada reports that nearly 50 per cent of Canadians know someone in food service and 22 per cent choose food service as their first job. With so many people experiencing tipping firsthand or through people they know, it is surprising that the support for tipping is still so high despite indicating high support for tipping alternatives.
What鈥檚 the true cost?
The true cost of the bill currently includes other social burdens that are not evident at the time of the tipping experience. Increasing tips, while with good intentions, will only prolong dealing with the issues of income instability, employment security, discrimination in all its forms and sexual harassment.
If we want to address these issues, we need to acknowledge the less visible impacts of our actions. By encouraging our restaurants and delivery services to move away from tipping, we are doing more in the long run to make sure that our restaurants and their staff have a sustainable, long term future that will survive the next large scale disruption.
Because menu prices would go up by incorporating tips, such a change would require a policy shift coupled with support from industry. However, our data shows we still have a long way to go.
The pandemic has proven we can get through challenges together and we can still feel that 鈥渨arm glow鈥� by knowing that when we pay the bill, everyone benefits.
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