In 1971, Canada became the first country in the world to adopt multiculturalism as an official policy 鈥斅爓hich means students like Catalina Albury, going into her second year of her Bachelor of Science studies, haven鈥檛 known a Canada without it.
鈥淢ulticulturalism to me is important because it鈥檚 a learning asset,鈥� says Catalina, who came to Canada from the Bahams to study at Dal. 鈥淵ou gain so much deep, rich knowledge from so many people that you wouldn鈥檛 get if you were elsewhere.鈥�
Designated as such by the Government of Canada in 2002, Canadian Multiculturalism Day is meant to 鈥渃elebrate our diversity and our commitment to democracy, equality and mutual respect.鈥� It comes in the middle of a four-day celebration called which also includes National Aboriginal Day (June 21), Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day (June 24) and Canada Day (July 1).
Sarath Sasidharan, a fourth-year Commerce student, was brought up in Dubai, India and has also been able to experience Canadian multiculturalism as a newcomer.
鈥淵ou adapt to different cultures and you learn from different cultures,鈥� he says. 鈥淲hen I came here I made a lot of Chinese friends, friends from different parts of the world. Multiculturalism to me is something I practice every day, whether it鈥檚 with food or any aspect of life.鈥�
Part of the Canadian fabric
Multiculturalism refers to the recognition and celebration of the co-existence of diverse cultures, typically based around racial, religious or cultural groups. As a concept, its roots in Canada are often traced back to the 1960s and early 1970s. It was introduced in the final report of a royal commission set up in the early 1960s to explore the state of bilingualism and biculturalism (French and English) in Canada and was later declared official government policy in a speech by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to the House of Commons in 1971.
The essence of Trudeau's speech was that Canada has no official culture and that no one ethnic group takes precedence over another, an idea that seemed to capture the imagination of Canadians.
"We adopted the policy and became proud of the policy and it became a part of our national identity," says Kristin Good (left), associate professor in Dal鈥檚 Department of Political Science. "It really just took hold with Canadians. It could just be that we are multicultural demographically and it's the kind of broad term that can fill that vacuum in terms of how people are able to express our national identity."
Dr. Good, author of Municipalities and Multiculturalism: The Politics of Immigration in Toronto and Vancouver, says multiculturalism was introduced as a way to create the conditions for inclusion in Canada. Rather than placing the burden solely on immigrants to integrate into Canada, Dr. Good says multiculturalism acknowledges that developing those conditions is a two-way street and governments have to look at policies to try and address some of the barriers to social, economic and political access and equity based on culture.
A number of factors have contributed to the success of multiculturalism in Canada over the years, says Dr. Good, including a strong border and an ability to select immigrants.
"If people feel that immigrants are coming in through the proper channels and that it is fair and that we can control and select the immigrants that would work best for the country, then that provides a broad context for security around the changes that are happening," she says.
Meaning and mosaic
Multiculturalism has had its share of critics over the years, including some who argue it encourages the "ghettoization" of different ethnic groups, and it still faces challenges in different contexts.
Dylan Andrew Young Letendre, an International Development Studies/Economics student, is M茅tis, originally from Saskatchewan, and feels Canadian culture still largely expects individuals to adapt to a Euro-Canadian culture.
鈥淲hat I would hope that we work towards is true multiculturalism,鈥� he says, 鈥渨here non-Aboriginal, non-Indigenous Canadians or European-descendent Canadians actually adapt themselves to the cultures that are coming in to them, as well as adapt themselves to cultures with which they鈥檝e existed since before Canada existed.鈥�
Norma Williams (right), Dalhousie鈥檚 executive director of diversity and inclusiveness, says there was a point in her life where 鈥渕ulticulturalism,鈥� as a concept, didn鈥檛 mean as much to her 鈥斅爊ot because of the idea itself, but how it was applied and interpreted.
鈥淚t has to be about more than food, fun and fashion,鈥� she explains. 鈥淗ow I came around is in watching the framework shift to a position where it鈥檚 about the idea that each of us 鈥� whether you鈥檙e from Britain and are white, from Ghana and are Black, from Membertou and are Indigenous 鈥� bring our own distinct identity to Canada, and that identity can be viewed as a culture.
鈥淚t鈥檚 an acceptance of the reality that it鈥檚 not a 鈥榳e鈥� and a 鈥榶ou.鈥� Multiculturalism is a gathering where everyone fits.鈥�
Multiculturalism at Dal
Making multiculturalism work for all Canadians 鈥斅燾itizens, newcomers, founding peoples alike 鈥斅爐akes work, as Dr. Good notes.
At Dalhousie, support for multiculturalism can be found in cross-university efforts to support diversity and inclusiveness.
These include new courses and programs (like the forthcoming minor in Black and African Diaspora Studies), the Scholarly Panel聽established to examine Lord Dalhousie鈥檚 history on slavery and race, efforts to respond to the national Truth and Reconciliation Commission鈥檚 calls-to-action and the launch of the Elders in Residence program. There鈥檚 also been the rollout of an 鈥淓lephant in the Room鈥� anti-stigma campaign, delivered to Residence Life and Student Life staff this winter, and initiatives to better engage international students and domestic students alike in inclusive sports and recreation activities. (A progress update noting these and many other initiatives was published to Dal鈥檚 earlier this month.)
That said, there is still much more work to do, as Williams notes. She says that just like Canada, 黑料吃瓜网can鈥檛 be stuck in the ways of the past and must work actively to become a truly multicultural space.
鈥淲e need to be active in our minds, our vision, our way of being and doing,鈥� she says. 鈥淭his country, and this university, is for everyone 鈥斅燼nd we all have to work towards that goal.鈥�